[.ca] The New Financial Capitalists: Kohlberg Kravis Roberts ... (ISBN 0521642604)

any interest in lbos, this is your guide:
KKR was the first name I heard while researching the Private Equity marketplace for a college paper. It also became the name heard mostly afterwards and rightfully so. Jerome Kohlberg, Henry Kravis and George Roberts are obviously extremely smart and confident guys, fortunately the book exhibits moments of vulnerability; which is helpful for any financial entrepreneur. The only shortfall is that the book isn't longer. I was excited while reading some of the chapters, keep in mind that this is a finance book not the Lord of the Rings. This book is terrific. Enjoy

The New Financial Capitalists:
Baker (Harvard Business School) and Smith (New York Univ.) provide a well-documented history of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR) and its development of the leveraged buyout (LBO). During the period 1976-93, KKR acquired more than 50 firms with an equity investment of only $10.9 billion. As of 1998, these equity investments were worth $40 billion (an annual return exceeding 28 percent). The authors examine KKR's strategy of identifying undervalued, poorly managed firms with potential to increase cash flow. Each LBO was financed with 80 to 90 percent debt, and equity was provided by a partnership organized by KKR. The LBO managers were required to have a large proportion of their net worth in the equity. After the acquisition, KKR's strategy was to cut costs and increase productivity, quickly pay down the debt, and sell the firm to unlock the equity investment. The large debt service inflicted discipline while management's investment created incentives. By linking managerial and ownership interests, Baker and Smith argue that KKR improved corporate governance and contributed to increases in corporate profits and productivity. This volume is an excellent addition to the literature on mergers, business history, and corporate strategy. Upper-division undergraduate through professional collections as well as large public libraries.

Finance Capitalism and Corporate Excess:
KKR is a truly unique institution. Are they merchant bankers, acting as fiduciaries in behalf of their clients? Or is it accurate to derisively call KKR takeover specialists, rapacious and always on the lookout for corporate prey? It is indeed difficult to pin a generic label on what KKR is doing--it depends on which side of the political fence you are in--but what we do know is that KKR is the acknowledged leader of the leveraged buyout, a branch of private equity investing which allows investors to profit from sizeable anomalies between a company's potential value and its current value, in part through the introduction of substantial levels of debt in a company's capital structure. As Baker and Smith explains: "By employing high levels of debt...they minimized the cost of buying the equity, which they shared with the target companies' managers. Assuming that the cash flows of the acquired businesses would be more than sufficient to repay the borrowing, \oKKR's\c success depended on a combination of timely debt reduction and the promotion of longer-term efficiency." "The New Financial Capitalists" is by far one of the best books dealing with KKR and LBO finance in general. Apart from providing an inside track with regard to understanding the raison d'etre behind buyouts and their critical success factors, this book has a wealth of information regarding specific transactions led by KKR, of which the $31 billion buyout of RJR Nabisco is undoubtedly the most well-known. The authors conclude that LBOs and, by extension, the existence of private equity takeover specialists such as KKR, yield long-term benefits to the economy which are far in excess of the intermediate costs such as employee dislocation and onerous debt servicing. KKR sought to break new ground in enhancing shareholder value: it compelled investees to maintain a focused business strategy and to divest or spin off underperforming operations, and it was highly instrumental in making corporate America realize that capital is a scarce resource which must be judiciously employed. As an instrument of financial and managerial reform, KKR helped reconcile the interests of corporate managers and shareholders, by requiring senior executives to have a direct economic stake (i.e., become stockholders) in the companies they manage. The analysis of some of KKR's failures underscores that, by using leverage as its weapon of choice, KKR is in effect a high-wire act. However, the presence of debt in the capital structure is also extolled as a disciplining force for managers who have become used to high free cash flow levels and low debt. Thus, what KKR and other LBO practitioners are in effect saying is that a company's operating and investment decisions are not completely independent of its debt-equity ratio. This book deserves to be read because it is an absorbing study of leveraged takeovers seen through the lens of a pioneering firm.

Detailed Treatment of early KKR-led LBO Financing:
This is an outstanding academic treatment of the investments made by KKR, all of which were some kind of leveraged buy-out. The authors focus their attention on the transactions themselves, not the way they were viewed by society or on the people that put them together - in this regard the book is a rare gem. It treats the period up to 1990 in some depth, with some very interesting case studies that show pretty good financial detail with outstanding qualitative descriptions of the transactions that were put together. As you walk through the various case studies, you are able to sit alongside with the KKR team and watch as the LBO goes from an unusual financial instrument to a mainstream product that is widely accepted in the marketplace. While growing acceptance of financial products is an established facet of Wall Street, to follow this evolution through the work of a single firm really is quite interesting. The manner in which the complexity, leverage and size of the transactions grow is laid out in plain English, making this a fascinating read. Only Chapter 5 "KKR as an Institutional Form" focused on the firm itself, and even this treatment was not nearly as obsequious as many other financial books (most notably "Goldman Sachs: the Culture of Success" by Endlich). Mr. Baker and Mr. Smith take a very level-headed approach and document the growth of the firm in a straight-forward manner, although they do inject a good deal of 'positivity' to their view, i.e. the revolutionary introduction of Monday Morning Meeting's at KKR in the 1990's (this is commonplace at most banks). I particularly enjoyed the second chapter "Recasting the Role of Debt" which talks about some of the earlier transactions that KKR did in some depth. The description of their LBO of Houdaille is very much worth reading, if only for the fact that traditional 'Old Economy' companies are again garnering such interest. Indeed, that is a very noteworthy aspect of the whole book, KKR focused on established companies with real cash flows. The one transaction which involved real growth financing was a near bust. This is very different than all of the financial maneuvering that has gone on over the past two years, and it is interesting to compare the sustainability of the two efforts (the many years of KKR's existence surely triumphs over venture capital's recent 15 minutes of fame). Chapter 4 on "When Risk Becomes Real" talks about some of the failed KKR transactions, EFB Trucking and Eaton Leonard in some detail. The reaction of KKR to these hiccups is very impressive, and while it is told with the same 'positivity' of the authors as mentioned above, the authors still do a good job of telling the story in an objective manner. The efforts of the partners to maintaining KKR's reputation in the marketplace is nothing short of heroic, and while there was a clear financial incentive over the short term it is clear that the longer term reputation of the company also played a clear role in motivating their actions. It really is rare to get a book as good as this with detailed financial information (even if it is more than 10 years old) and a mostly unbiased view of the Company. Where the authors are biased, it is easy to pick up and interpret. This is very much an academic treatment of the firm, with some detail as to what the rest of the market was doing, but not a whole lot. There are just the right number of graphs, which is very nice. I would think anybody working in finance would enjoy this book, although given the depth in which it describes the transactions, it might not be the most leisurely read. This is an outstanding book.

A Good Read!:
This revealing book covers a highly charged and controversial period of American investment history. George P. Baker and George David Smith study the emergence of the investment house Kohlberg, Kravis, Roberts (KKR), and follow it during the decade KKR ruled the world of leveraged buyouts. The authors begin with the early days when the partners worked together at Bear Stearns. They track the men as they build their own firm and create their own success. In clear, straightforward language, the book presents KKR's intentions and the economics of leveraged buyouts (LBOs). It discusses KKR's role in structuring and managing the deals. We \o...\c recommend this book as a must read for anyone interested in LBOs or the history of KKR. Executives at all levels will find the KKR saga interesting and useful.